Representing when, where, how and why
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Representing how | page 5 of 8 |
By + noun group
By + noun group 
is frequently used to
refer to means of travel:
It was more economical to go by car. (SCMP 19/5/94)
We include a whole day trip by local bus to Florence. (Bank of English)
I went alone by train. (Bank of English)
I love to travel by tram. (Bank of English)
Tasmania is best reached by plane. (Bank of English)
You can reach Lombok by air or by sea. (Bank of English)
He fled Vietnam by boat in 1973. (SCMP 8/8/92)
By followed by a noun group where the main word is an -ing
form is used to
indicate how something is done:
There had never been love in the Devereux family, not after his mother had deserted him, opted out, by dying. (Bank of English)
He says he travelled north by going across the Severn Bridge.
(Microconcord Corpus A)Information is best obtained by contacting your local inspectors.
(Bank of English)
The whole system can be started or stopped by moving a control rod up or down in the reactor. (Bank of English)
Introduction
By + noun group
